D-葡萄糖二酸， D-Glucaric acid

D-Glucaric acid is an organic acid that is naturally found in the body. It is a potent inhibitor of glucose reabsorption in the kidney, which results in lower levels of glucose in the blood. D-Glucaric acid has been shown to have therapeutic effects on congestive heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases by increasing the glomerular filtration rate and reducing sodium retention. This compound also has antioxidant properties and can activate different enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase. D-Glucaric acid has been shown to have therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or type 1 diabetes mellitus by suppressing inflammatory cytokines.

Glucaric acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound that is found in various fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, apples, and broccoli. It has gained attention in recent years due to its potential use in the treatment and prevention of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the definition, background, physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations, and future directions of glucaric acid research.

Definition and Background

Glucaric acid, also known as saccharic acid, is a six-carbon organic acid that belongs to the family of hexaric acids. It is an important intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates and is essential for proper cellular function. Glucaric acid is produced naturally in the liver and is also found in various fruits and vegetables. It was first synthesized in the early 1800s by Jacob Berzelius and has since been the subject of extensive research due to its numerous health benefits.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Glucaric acid is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a melting point of 167-169°C. It has a molecular weight of 210.14 g/mol and a chemical formula of C6H10O8. Glucaric acid is an acidic compound with a pKa value of 3.51 and a pH of approximately 2.5 in water. It is a weak acid that can form salts with various cations, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Synthesis and Characterization

Glucaric acid can be synthesized in the laboratory by the oxidation of various carbohydrates, such as glucose and galactose. The primary method of synthesis involves the oxidation of D-glucose using sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. The resulting product is then purified using a series of recrystallizations to obtain pure glucaric acid.

The characterization of glucaric acid can be done using various analytical techniques, including infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. These techniques are used to identify the chemical structure of glucaric acid and to confirm its purity.

Analytical Methods

The analysis of glucaric acid in biological samples can be done using various analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). These methods are used to determine the concentration of glucaric acid in biological samples and to monitor its metabolism in vivo.

Biological Properties

Glucaric acid has been shown to possess various biological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. It has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth and proliferation of various cancer cells, such as breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells. Glucaric acid also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, it possesses anti-oxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative stress.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

Glucaric acid has been shown to be generally safe in scientific experiments. It is considered to be non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. However, it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort at high doses. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid excessive intake of glucaric acid.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

Glucaric acid has various applications in scientific experiments, including the production of biodegradable polymers, the synthesis of chelating agents, and the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It has been extensively researched for its potential use in the development of biodegradable plastics due to its ability to form strong hydrogen bonds with various polymers.

Current State of Research

The current state of research on glucaric acid is focused on its potential use in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It has been shown to possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of various cancers and inflammatory conditions. Moreover, it has been demonstrated to possess anti-microbial properties, making it a potential candidate for the treatment of various bacterial infections.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

Glucaric acid has various potential implications in various fields of research and industry, including the development of biodegradable plastics, the synthesis of chelating agents, and the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It may also have potential applications in agriculture as a plant growth regulator, as it has been shown to promote plant growth and development.

Limitations and Future Directions

The limitations of glucaric acid research include the lack of large-scale clinical trials and the limited understanding of its mechanism of action. Furthermore, the production of glucaric acid is currently limited due to the high cost of synthesis. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of cost-effective methods for the production of glucaric acid to facilitate its use in various applications. Moreover, further studies are needed to investigate its mechanism of action and to determine its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

Future directions for glucaric acid research include the investigation of its potential use in the treatment of various viral infections, such as hepatitis C and HIV, the development of new drug delivery systems based on glucaric acid, and the investigation of its potential use in the development of biofuels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, glucaric acid is a promising natural compound that possesses various health benefits. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties, making it a potential candidate for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. However, further research is needed to investigate its mechanism of action and to determine its efficacy in various applications. Furthermore, the development of cost-effective methods for the production of glucaric acid is needed to facilitate its use in various fields of research and industry.

Title: D-Glucaric Acid

CAS Registry Number: 5793-88-4

Additional Names: Saccharic acid; D-glucosaccharic acid; D-tetrahydroxyadipic acid

Molecular Formula: C6H10O8

Molecular Weight: 210.14

Percent Composition: C 34.29%, H 4.80%, O 60.91%

Literature References: Best prepd by nitric acid oxidation of starch; yields as high as 65% are obtained in contrast to much lower yields from glucose or sucrose: Kiliani, Ber. 58, 2344 (1925); Schmidt et al., ibid. 70, 2402 (1937). Prepn from D-glucose: Mehltretter et al., US 2472168 (1949 to U.S. Secy. Agr.); Truchan, US 2809989 (1957 to Cowles Chem.); Phillips et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1958, 3522; BE 615023 (1962 to Ciba).

Properties: Needles from 95% ethanol, mp 125-126°. Shows mutarotation. [a]D19 +6.86° ? +20.60° (H2O). Ka1 = 1.0 ′ 10-5 at 25°. Soluble in water, ethanol. Sparingly sol in ether.

Melting point: mp 125-126°

Optical Rotation: [a]D19 +6.86° ? +20.60° (H2O)

Derivative Type: 1,4-Lactone

Additional Names: Saccharolactone

Literature References: Strong inhibitor of b-glucuronidase: Levvy, Biochem. J. 52, 464 (1952); Boyland, Williams, ibid. 64, 578 (1956).

Properties: Monohydrate, crystals, mp 90°.

Melting point: Monohydrate, crystals, mp 90°

COA:

Product name: D-Glucaric acid. L-Gularic acid

M.F.: C₆H₁₀O₈      M.W.: 210.14        Batch No: 20111211        Quantity:32g